Agelaius phoeniceus - redwing blackbird, tordo sargento; sq^way qlucá:w, sq^way ql^yucá:w, sq^way ql^yu:cá:w, sq^way qlyucá:w, sq^way qlucá:wq (Cocopa)

Aphelocoma ultramarina - gray-breasted jay, chara pecho gris; 'suul (Kiliwa)

Aquila chrysaetos - golden eagle, águila real; ti'payu (Kiliwa); e^ch-pah (Kumeyaay)

Asio otus - long-eared owl, búho cara café; 'huusuwaan (Kiliwa)

Athene cunicularia - burrowing owl; hu'yiwha'kwi'hi' (Kiliwa); màtkn^ywáy (Cocopa)

Auriparus flaviceps - verdin, baloncillo; ksman^y, k^wsman^y (Cocopa)

Bubo virginianus - great horned owl, búho cornudo; cu:pí:c, copit, kechupit (Cocopa); áú (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- feathers are used in ceremony (Gifford 1933:308, 312; Spier 1923:320-321)

Buteo sp. - western red-tailed hawk; xma pk^wya:w (Cocopa); pkwalu (Kiliwa)

Buteo swainsoni - Swainson's hawk, aguililla de Swainson; kp'u:n^y (Cocopa)

Callipepla californica - California quail, codorniz californiana; xmmil (Kiliwa)

Callipepla gambelii - Gambel's quail, codorniz chiquiri; xma'piyltkwayq (Kiliwa); xmàkuká:k, kuká:k (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Gifford 1931:48)

Calypte costae - Costa's hummingbird, colibrí cabeze violeta; n^yírn^yír (Cocopa)

Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus - cactus wren, guitacoche; tinkil, ha'xqhaqkwkuus (Kiliwa); xálxál (Cocopa)

Caracara plancus - crested caracara, caracara quebrantahuesos

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

Cardinalis cardinalis - northern cardinal, cardenal rojo; xl^ytiš 'ax^wát (Cocopa)

Cathartes aura - turkey vulture, zopilote aura; txaasii (Kiliwa); esê (Paipai); saiye (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- not eaten (Gifford 1931:48)

Catherpes mexicanus - canyon wren, chivirín barranqueño; hah-moo-koop (Kumeyaay)

Centurus uropygialis - Gila woodpecker; šc'u:n^y (Cocopa); ^esun (Kumeyaay)

Charadrius vociferus - killdeer, chorlo tildío; crí:s (Cocopa)

Chordeiles acutipennis - lesser nighthawk, chotacabras menor; kru (Cocopa); cf. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli

Colaptes auratus - northern flicker, carpintero de pechera; kúk-ho, matkwo (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- feathers are used in ceremonial headband, shaman's wand, and on arrow (Gifford 1931:15, 59; Spier 1923:323)

Columbina passerina - ground dove, tórtola coquita; kuL (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Gifford 1931:48)

Coragyps atratus - black vulture, zopilote común; 'sii (Kiliwa)

Corvus brachyrhynchos - American crow, cuervo americano; 'qhaaqpx'sir (Kiliwa); kak (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- feathers worn in hair (Gifford 1933:279)
  • Kumeyaay -- feathers are used to decorate stabbing pike (Gifford 1931:30, 48, 79)

Corvus corax - common raven, cuervo común; 'qhaaq, ^akak (Kiliwa); kašákh, kisak (Paipai); qa:q, ^akak, ka:k (Cocopa); kak, ahaq, xataí (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- not eaten; feathers are used in ceremony (Hohenthal 2001:147; Spier 1923:320-321)

Cyanocitta sp. - bluejay, chara; xmsut 'uk^wá, xu:msút 'uk^wá (Cocopa)

Eremophila alpestris - horned lark, alondra cornuda; twalu'iykwtaayu ("big-headed bird') (Kiliwa)

Falco sparverius - American kestrel, cernícalo americano; mspil^y (Cocopa)

Gallinago gallinago - common snipe, agachona común; q^wli:c (Cocopa)

Gavia immer - common loon, colimbo mayor

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)
  • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008:64)

Gavia stellata - red-throated loon, colimbo menor

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)

Geococcyx californianus - greater roadrunner, correcaminos norteños; tlpi' (Kiliwa); clpu, celpu (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- Eaten, or not eaten; feathers are used in ceremonies (Gifford 1931:48, 59; Hedges 1986:46)

Glaucidium brasilianum - ferruginous pygmy owl, tecolote bajeño; snpapu (Kiliwa)

Grus canadensis - sandhill crane, grulla gris; wukhor (Cocopa); makulk (Kumeyaay)

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus - piñon jay, chara piñonera; kwkhwaa, twalukwml'siwkhwiiw (Kiliwa)

Icterus cucullatus - hooded oriole, bolsero encapuchado; škx^was (Cocopa)

Lanius ludovicianus - loggerhead shrike, alcaudón verdugo; ya:pír (Cocopa)

Larus sp. - gull, gaviota; šmk^w'a (Cocopa); kwriit, nuuq'mit, sepáicuchári, spa'ikwcaaqi ("shell dropper") (Kiliwa); taxpú (Paipai)

Meleagris gallopavo - wild turkey, guajolote norteño; oRuc (Cocopa)

Micrathene whitneyi - elf owl; k^wswa:n^y, kswa:n^y (Cocopa); cf. Micropallas whitneyi

Micropallas whitneyi - elf owl; k^wswa:n^y, kswa:n^y (Cocopa); cf. Micrathene whitneyi

Mimus polyglottos - northern mockingbird, centzontle norteño; sman, twaluha'pmcaw (Kiliwa); šàk^wi:lá:, šakwila, eshakuila (Cocopa); sinsonte, išakwilao, cakwillaú, tuwilaú (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- kept in a cage as a pet; not eaten (Gifford 1931:48; Hohenthal 2001:133; Spier 1923:308)

Myiarchus cinerascens - ashthroated flycatcher, papamoscas cenizo; kpci:l^y (Cocopa); cf. Tyrannus verticalis

Otus kennicottii - western screech owl, tecolote occidental; ckuk (Cocopa)

Parabuteo unicinctus - Harris' hawk, aguililla rojinegra; xminu (Kiliwa)

Pelicanus sp. - pelican; 'qhayu (Kiliwa); kewnyioe, kn^y'uy, k^wn^yu:y, kwineu'i (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- skin is used as a cloak (Aschmann 1966:60)
  • Pericú -- skin is used for women's clothing (Andrews 1979:37)
  • Cocopa -- leg bones are used as peon pieces (Gifford 1933:283, 305; Kelly 1977:123)
  • Kumeyaay -- feathers are used to decorate stabbing pikes, leg bones are used as peon pieces (Gifford 1931:30, 46, 48)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Cape Region (Carmean and Molto 1991:27-28; Fujita 2006a:97; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:81)
  • Isla Cedros (Banks 1972a:22)
  • Bahía de los Angeles (Ritter 1997; Ritter et al. 1994:5)

Pelecanus occidentalis - brown pelican, pelícano pardo

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)
  • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:64)

Phalacrocorax sp. - cormorant, cormorán

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1974:50)

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii - common poorwill, tapacamino tevíi; kru (Cocopa); tow-lówk (Kumeyaay); cf. Chordeiles acutipennis

Picoides villosus - hairy woodpecker, carpintero velloso-mayor; kwxu'tit (Kiliwa)

Pipilo aberti - Abert's towhee, toquí enmascarado; xl^ytiš (Cocopa)

Piranga rubra - summer tanager, tángara roja; šàk^wri:má (Cocopa); cf. Pyrocephalus rubinus

Podiceps caspicus - eared grebe, zambullidor

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

Podilymbus podiceps - pied-billed grebe, zambullidor pico grueso; q^wa:qúl, k^wa:kúl, k^waqú:r (Cocopa); cf. red-cheeked heron

Progne subis - purple martin, golondrina azulnegra; xmka (Cocopa)

Pyrocephalus rubinus - vermilion flycatcher, mosquero cardenal; šàk^wri:má (Cocopa); cf. Piranga rubra

Scardafella inca - Inca dove; lku:'ax^wát (Cocopa)

Sturnella neglecta - western meadowlark, pradero occidental; lxa:ksí:t, xa:ksí:t (Cocopa); petLatk (Kumeyaay)

Toxostoma curvirostre - curve-billed thrasher, cuitlacoche pico curvo; xl^ytiš k'u:k (Cocopa)

Toxostoma redivivum - California thrasher, cuitlacoche californiano; twaluha'xphaqkwkuus (Kiliwa)

Tyrannus sp. - kingbird, tirano; kpci:l^y (Cocopa); che^ch-én (Kumeyaay)

Tyto alba - common barn owl, lechuza de campanario; 'huu, psaak (Kiliwa)

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus - yellow-headed blackbird; sq^way caxá:r (Cocopa)

Zenaida asiatica - white-winged dove, paloma ala blanca; lku:ku:'á (Cocopa)

Zenaida macroura - western mourning dove, paloma huilota; xw' (Kiliwa); li:kú:, lku:, lku: capay, lku: k^wapá (Cocopa); kiyaskwi (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony: Kumeyaay -- not eaten (Gifford 1931:48)

Zonotrichia leucophrys - white-crowned sparrow, gorrión corona blanca; n^ymkur sa:x^wá:k, kur sa:x^wá:k (Cocopa)

bird, pájaro; ša (Cocopa); twalu (Kiliwa). Bird species: císcís, k^wcam, kwicum xmamúl^y, ša' limeš, cimkwira, han miši:p, celkilkel, homomul, hamkwail, ha kwis, ša celapu, kwicem, mas (Cocopa); chimkál, iyxta'kn'aap, kusaul, kwkhwaq, miñiscuíspí, mnykwspi', pankwkwa, semán, sa'hlkus, sa'kwkwaa, sá'temú, sa'tmuw, sa'x'lthis, sa'xma', tma', tokwil, twaluha'kwpmcaw, twaluha'kwxphaqkwkuus ("long-beaked bird"), twalutkwhiiyp ("devil bird"), 'uha'kwnykwwaayu ("rock nester"), xta'ciinkwpnaq ("reed around neck"), ''yaawha'ltwalu (Kiliwa); hanuchip, kwasaman, miutkwa, aku, akoit', tiñakum (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- roasted, eaten; feathers are used in ornaments (Aschmann 1966:59; Baegert 1952:67; Mathes 2006a:48)
  • Pericú -- shot with bow and arrow; skins used in capes (Andrews 1979:40)
  • Cocopa -- caught with box traps and traps of string loops with bent sticks, eggs harvested in June-August (Castetter and Bell 1951:216; Gifford 1933:269; Kelly 1977:24, 45, 52)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:121, 123, 160)
  • Bahía de los Angeles area (Ritter 1997)

blackbird, toti; sq^way, sokhwe (Cocopa). Blackbird species: sq^way wi: (Cocopa)

dove, paloma, Columbidae; hauwih (Kiliwa); kuwiv (Paipai); ilaku (Cocopa); kalyaswi, kurwui, tikemu (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- not eaten (Kelly 1977:46)
  • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Hohenthal 2001:147)

duck, pato; n^yimí: (Cocopa). Duck species: twaluxa'kwpaat (Kiliwa); ša n^yiyá l^ypalá:p, šà:xá:n^y, ša 'axá:n^y (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- hunted with bow and arrow; baked on coals (Gifford 1933:269; Kelly 1977:44-45, 52; Kniffen 1931:55)
  • Kumeyaay -- shot with bow and arrow; eaten (Gifford 1931:26; Hohenthal 2001:147)

duck/goose, pato/ganso, Anatidae; kešá ha'lyák ("water bird") (Paipai)

eagle, águila; ^esa' (Paipai); ispa (Cocopa); ešpa, spá, 'ehpaa (Kumeyaay); ešá

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- feathers are worn on head (Meigs 1939:53)
  • Paipai -- young eagles are caught with nets, fed on deer and rabbit meat, killed and burned in mourning ceremonies (Bendímez 1989:36-37; Gifford and Lowie 1928:352)
  • Cocopa -- feathers are worn in hair, used in ceremonies (Gifford 1933:279, 308; Kelly 1977:54, 74, 76, 90)
  • Kumeyaay -- eyries are owned, eaglets are captured, kept in cages, fed, killed in a ceremony; adults are shot with bow and arrow; not killed except in mourning ceremony; feathers are worn in ceremonial skirt, headband; feathers are used in male mourning ceremony images (Davis 1919:17; Gifford 1931:47-50, 59; Hedges 1986b:46; Hohenthal 2001:147-148; Spier 1923:307-308, 324, 331)

owl, tecolote, Strigidae; iyú (Paipai); u'u (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- eaten (Baegert 1952:66)
  • Cocopa -- feathers are worn in the hair, used in ceremonies (Gifford 1933:279; Kelly 1977:90)
  • Kumeyaay -- shot with a bow and arrow, feathers are used in ceremonies and on shaman's wand, feathers are used in female mourning ceremony images (Davis 1919:17, 29; Gifford 1931:74; Spier 1923:318, 323)

quail, codorniz; xamá matuyák (Paipai); kuká:k (Cocopa); kahuma kakak (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- driven into nets (Meigs 1939:23-24)
  • Cocopa -- caught by hand or in trap (Gifford 1933:269; Kelly 1977:44)
  • Kumeyaay -- slowly driven toward net trap, shot with bow and arrow; eggs are eaten and used as bait in deadfall traps (Gifford 1931:26; Hohenthal 2001:146-147; Meigs 1972:39; Shipek 1991:70)

red-cheeked heron; q^wa:qúl, k^wa:kúl, k^waqú:r (Cocopa); (cf. pied-billed grebe.)

sandpiper, Scolopacidae

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2008b:64)

swallow, golondrina, Hirundinidae; pnwiitu (Kiliwa)

thrush, zorzal; twalusmilkw'siiyu ("yellow breast bird")

vulture, zopilote; esei (Paipai); šayí:, šayi (Cocopa); ša:i, ci'i (Kumeyaay). Varieties: šayi ha'a, šayi kwes, šayi ramas (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- feathers are used on shamans' sticks (Kelly 1977:75, 118, 125)
  • Kumeyaay -- not eaten, entire bird is boiled, pounded into a mush, and drunk as an extreme cure (Hohenthal 2001:147, 279; Spier 1923:319)

water bird species: ptam (Kiliwa); n^yk^w'a, nyikwa'a, ša kálkál, šmk^w'ul, šqiw, xan^ycták, xn^yil^y (Cocopa)

woodpecker, carpintero; t'lphuu (Kiliwa). Variety: red-headed woodpecker; watho (Kumeyaay)