Prehistoric Projectile Points


Named Types

Named projectile point types have usually been defined intuitively, based on their similarity to point forms that were found at a type site or in a type area. At least 29 named types have been reported from Baja California. Of these, about half were originally named on the peninsula, while the remainder were originally designated elsewhere in North America.

AmargosaClovisComondúCottonwoodDescansoDesertDos CabezasEl ArcoElkoEl ZacatecoExcelsiorGuajademíGuerrero NegroGypsum CaveHuamalgüeñoJatayLa JollaLake MojaveLa PazLoretoManuelaPintoPoint SalRomaSan FelipeSan PedroSilver LakeVallecitoVizcaínoZacatecas


AMARGOSA. Malcolm Rogers designated two relatively late phases in the Colorado and Mojave deserts of southern California and adjacent areas as the Amargosa industry, and he noted a variety of large and small projectile point forms (many of which would be classified as Elko points) that were associated with this industry. Erika Moranchel applied the term of Amargosa points to three small, triangular points in northern and central Baja California, two of which had expanding stems and the third had a concave base. (Moranchel 2014; Rogers 1939).

CLOVIS. This designation, based on findings at the Blackwater Draw site near Clovis, New Mexico, is applied to large points with convex sides, a concave base, and a fluting scar extending from the base on at least one face (Rondeau et al. 2007). The type has been reported as occurring throughout much of North America, with a time range in the terminal Pleistocene between ca. 11,500 and 9000 B.C. Within Baja California, finds so far have been recovered primarily from the central portion of the peninsula (Aschmann 1952; Des Lauriers 2008; Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002; Hyland 1997, 2006; Hyland and Gutiérrez 1995), but one specimen from the Bajamar-Jatay site complex on the northwestern coast has also been reported (García 2013; García and Ovilla 2017). The specimens are undated.

COMONDÚ. This designation is applied to triangular projectile points, usually small, including both unserrated (“Comondú Triangular”) and serrated (“Comondú Serrated”) types. They appear to be fully equivalent to the points designated as Cottonwood Triangular and perhaps as Desert Side-notched in the western U.S., with the serrated variety corresponding to the Dos Cabezas Serrated type (Wilke and McDonald 1986) in the U.S. These points seem to mark the local appearance of the bow and arrow, and to date from roughly A.D. 1000 into the historic period. They are relatively abundant throughout central Baja California. The late prehistoric Comondú culture was defined by William C. Massey (1966), and the designation of the points associated with it as Comondú points was begun by Eric W. Ritter (1979).

COTTONWOOD. Cottonwood Triangular points take their name from a site in Inyo County, California (Justice 2002a; Riddell 1951). Their distribution includes most of the western United States, and they are associated with a time period subsequent to the introduction of the bow and arrow, perhaps after about A.D. 1000. The points are typically small, with no stems (triangular), concave to straight bases, and straight sides. Cottonwood points have been reported from northern Baja California; in central and southern Baja California, similar points have generally been classified as Comondú, although Eduardo Serafín Esquivel (1995) applied the designation of Cottonwood to central Baja California points.

DESCANSO. This type was defined by Andrew R. Pigniolo and Antonio Porcayo Michelini (2009), based on finds within a relatively small area in northwestern Baja California and southwestern California (see also García 2013). The category includes foliate points with multiple side notches. Chronologically, it has been said to date to around 5000 B.C.

DESERT. Small, triangular, side-notched points were given this designation in Alta California (Baumhoff and Byrne 1959). They have generally been interpreted as belonging to the late prehistoric period, after the introduction of the bow and arrow, perhaps after ca. A.D. 1200 (Justice 2002a:384). The type has been reported from northern and central Baja California, although in the latter region corresponding forms have often been labelled “Comondú.”

DOS CABEZAS. The small, triangular points assigned to this type are similar to Comondú serrated points and to Cottonwood triangular or Desert side-notched points but with marked serration or notching. The type was defined by Philip J. Wilke and Meg McDonald at Indian Hill Rockshelter near Dos Cabezas near the southern extreme of California. Erika Moranchel assigned two small, serrated, convex-based points in northern Baja California to this type (McDonald 1992; Moranchel 2014; Wilke et al. 1986).

EL ARCO. This designation was applied by Erika Moranchel to three large point fragments found in the general area of El Arco, in central Baja California. The points are large and stemmed, but the proximal portions are broken, making the exact morphology uncertain.(Moranchel 2014).

ELKO. This designation was defined on the basis of collections from a site in northeastern Nevada (Heizer and Baumhoff 1961). It has been applied to large, corner-notched, eared, or split-stem points. The forms are relatively common in central Baja California, and they are also reported from the peninsula's northwest region. Time spans suggested for the Elko series outside the peninsula include ca. 6000 B.C. to A.D. 800 (Jennings 1986:117) and ca. 1300 B.C. to A.D. 700 (Thomas 1981:20). Ritter (2006b:143) suggested a time span between ca. 6000-5000 B.C. and A.D. 400 for “Elko-like” points on the peninsula.

EL ZACATECO. Two small, triangular point fragments with concave bases and single lateral notches were assigned to this type by Erika Moranchel. The points were found in northern Baja California (Moranchel 2014).

EXCELSIOR. This type was defined by Fredrickson (1973) in northern California. The form is leaf-shaped or lanceolate. In California, the age range has been estimated as 2000 B.C.-A.D. 500 (Justice 2002). A point assigned to this type has been reported from northwest Baja California (García 2013).

GUAJADEMÍ. The Guajademí Split-stem type includes small points with corner notches and concave bases. The type was defined by Ritter (1979) and takes its name from a community west of Bahía Concepción. Points classified within the type have been reported from central Baja California. Hyland (1997) lumped this type within the Elko series; however, the small size of Guajademí points would seem to make that assignment questionable. In some respects, the Guajademí points seem similar to Rose Spring points, although the latter more commonly have straight or convex bases (Thomas 1981:20). Ritter (2006a:111) considered the Guajademí Split-stem type as one of the hallmarks of the late period between ca. A.D. 500 and 1800.

GUERRERO NEGRO. The Guerrero Negro series was defined by Ritter and Louis A. Payen (1992), based on studies at Laguna Ojo de Liebre, near the central Baja California community of Guerrero Negro. It includes triangular points with concave or straight bases but occurring in both large and small sizes. Ritter (2006b:142-143) suggested that Guerrero Negro points “may possibly have served as harpoon tip insets; their distribution appears to be limited to coastal locations in west-central Baja California.” However, large, triangular points have also been reported from sites elsewhere in Baja California, including interior locations (e.g., Hyland 1997:300).

GYPSUM CAVE. The Gypsum type is based on points recovered by Mark R. Harrington (1933) from Gypsum Cave in southern Nevada. A chronological range between ca. 2600 B.C. and A.D. 400 has been suggested (Jennings 1986:117). These are large, triangular points with tapered or ovate stems. The category is fairly well represented in the central and southern peninsula, where it seems to intergrade with the La Paz type.

HUAMALGÜEÑO. Matthew R. Des Lauriers (2005) defined the Huamalgüeño point type on Isla Cedros (also known as Huamalgua by the Cochimí Indians). The type consists of carefully flaked, medium-sized, narrow, triangular points with multiple side notches, produced from both local and nonlocal material types. Des Lauriers reported that the points were clearly associated with the late prehistoric period (after ca. 600 B.C.).

JATAY. This type was designated by García (2014), based on finds at sites on the northwest coast of Baja California. The type is said to be morphologically similar to La Jolla (Elko) points, but smaller in size.

LA JOLLA. This type was designated by Rubén García (2013, 2014), based on their relatively frequent occurrence in Archaic-period (La Jollan) sites on the northwest coast of Baja California. The type seems to be essentially equivalent to Elko eared points.

LAKE MOJAVE. This type was defined by Charles A. Amsden (1937), based on collections associated with Pleistocene Lake Mojave in the central Mojave Desert of southern California. It has sometimes been grouped with Silver Lake and other forms into a Great Basin Stemmed series. These points are generally dated to the early Holocene, perhaps also extending back into the late Pleistocene. The large points have weak shoulders and long, contracting, rounded stems. Lake Mojave points have been reported from central and northwestern Baja California (e.g., Davis 1968; García 2013; Porcayo 2006; Ritter 2001, 2006a).

LA PAZ. La Paz points are large points with tapered or ovate stems. Massey (1961:418, 1966:45-46) distinguished La Paz points based on their sharp, sometimes-barbed shoulders. He interpreted La Paz points as more finely flaked forms derived from the Gypsum Cave type and as belonging to the Amargosa II complex. The type, named for the city of La Paz, is represented in central and southern Baja California.

LORETO. Massey (1966:46) defined Loreto blades as relatively large points with rounded stems and, sometimes, tangs. As in the case of La Paz points, he interpreted Loreto points as being derived from the Gypsum Cave type and as belonging to the Amargosa II complex. The type, taking its name from the community of Loreto, is represented in central and southern Baja California.

MANUELA. Ritter (2006b:143, 2008c:192) defined the Manuela contracting-stem type, named from Laguna Manuela in west-central Baja California. He suggested that the small to medium-sized points dated from the late prehistoric period, although perhaps slightly earlier than other late-period forms.

PINTO. Pinto points were defined in southern California by Amsden (1935; see also Harrington 1957 and Lanning 1963). Considerable disagreement has existed concerning the time range to be assigned to Pinto points; suggestions have included ca. 3000-700 B.C. (Heizer and Hester 1978:158), ca. 6500-500 B.C. (Jennings 1986:117), and ca. 8000 B.C.-A.D. 1 (Schroth 1994:374). As applied in Baja California, the type has sometimes been by used to group points attributed to the middle Holocene Pinto or Amargosa I complex, regardless of the points’ morphological diversity (Massey 1966:45). When defined in a more restrictive sense, the type generally includes roughly flaked points with side- or corner-notching and indented bases.

POINT SAL. Point Sal points were defined in coastal southern California by Justice (2002a). They consist of large points with contracting stems and downward-sloping barbs. This and related forms in California have been estimated to date between 2500 B.C. and A.D. 500. One example is reported from the Bajamar-Jatay site complex on the northwest coast of Baja California (García 2013).

ROMA. This type of small, pentagonal, blunt-ended point was described in central Baja California by Erika Moranchel. It was interpreted as intended to knock down rather than penetrate birds and other small game (Moranchel 2014).

SAN FELIPE. Antonio Porcayo defined this type not on the basis of morphology but based on its production from rounded obsidian pebbles (marekanite). The type is reported from the San Felipe area in northeastern Baja California. At least one of the points has the form of a Desert side-notched point (Moranchel 2014; Porcayo 2014).

SAN PEDRO. This type was defined in southeastern Arizona, in the San Pedro Valley (Justice 2002b; Sayles and Antevs 1941). It includes large points with expanding stems (corner-notched) or, less commonly, wide stems (side-notched), with straight or convex bases. An age range between ca. 1500 B.C. and A.D. 300 has been suggested. Ritter (1979:196-198, 2001:62, 2006a:103) identified San Pedro points in central Baja California.

SILVER LAKE. The type was defined by Amsden (1937), based on collections associated with Pleistocene Lake Mojave in the central Mojave Desert of southern California. It has sometimes been grouped with Lake Mojave and other forms into a Great Basin Stemmed series. Like Lake Mojave points, Silver Lake points are large, with weak shoulders and contracting, rounded stems; however, the shoulders are more clearly defined in the Silver Lake form, and the stems are shorter. These points are generally dated to the early Holocene, perhaps extending back into the late Pleistocene; however, the use of Silver Lake points has sometimes been interpreted as also extending into the middle Holocene. Silver Lake points have been reported from central and northwestern Baja California (e.g., García 2013; Ritter 2001:62, 2006a:103).

VALLECITO. This type was described at the Vallecito site in northern Baja California. The points are small and triangular, with relatively distal, weakly defined side notches and strongly concave bases (Moranchel 2014).

VIZCAÍNO. This type was defined by Ritter (2009), based on collections in the western Vizcaíno Desert. It consists of large, corner-notched, convex-base points.

ZACATECAS. This type, identified by Ritter (1979), takes its name from the Sierra Zacatecas, west of Bahía Concepción. Five specimens were reported in the Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:200, 2001:62, 2006a:103). The illustrated specimens are medium to large, with straight sides and broad, straight stems.


References Cited
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Aschmann, Homer. 1952. A Fluted Point from Central Baja California. American Antiquity 17:262-263.

Baumhoff, Martin A., and J. S. Byrne. 1959. Desert Site-Notched Points as a Time Marker in California. University of California Archaeological Survey Report 48:32-65. Berkeley.

Davis, Emma Lou. 1968. An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Central Desert of Baja California. University of California, Los Angeles, Archaeological Survey Annual Report 10:176-208.

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-----. 2008. The Practicality of Turning Stones into Flaked Tools among Prehistoric Peoples of West-Central Coastal Baja California. In Memorias de Balances y Perspectivas de la Antropología e Historia de Baja California, 2002-2004, pp. 181-193. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexicali.

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